Water pollution with dyes is one of the major risks that threaten the environment as a result of the development of industry and the increase in human need for it. In order to address the problem of pollution, many methods have been used, including adsorption through the use of nanomaterials and their compounds as adsorbent surfaces. This study includes the oxidation of graphite and the preparation of nano-titanium dioxide. Chemically, their composition was prepared. The prepared materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction techniques. The effect of factors (adsorbent surface weight, equilibrium time, initial concentration, and temperature) on the process of adsorption of Congo Red dye onto activated graphite and its composites was studied through the batch system. The equilibrium data were analyzed using more than one adsorption isotherm model, and it was found that it follows the Freundlich isotherm model for both. Activated graphite and its composites. The thermodynamic functions of the adsorption process were also studied and found to be spontaneous, less regular, and endothermic in nature.

doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2025-2-70-78